Exciton–tryptophan coupling pulse behaviour along with corona formation, binding analysis, and interaction study of ZnO nanorod–serum albumin protein bioconjugate

The bioconjugate of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and zinc oxide nanorods (ZnO NRs) is investigated to explore the behaviour of the tryptophan (Trp)–exciton coupling and corona formation. The pulse like nature of the coupled system between Trp of BSA and exciton of ZnO NRs has been observed after analysis of the optical parameters such as refractive index, susceptibility, and optical dielectric constant. The time constant for tryptophan, exciton surface binding (t1) and reorganization (t2) are found to be (t1) 8 min, 7 min and (t2) 150 min, 114.5 min, respectively. The close proximity binding of BSA with ZnO NRs via tryptophan as well as exciton is responsible for bioconjugate formation. The aggregated structure of BSA is observed from small‐angle X‐ray scattering study in interaction with ZnO NRs. The change in secondary structure and tertiary deformation of the serum protein have been studied from Fourier transform infrared and emission quenching analyses. The number of binding sites (n) signified to the enhancement of the cooperative binding. The binding has been found to be endothermic and favoured using unfavourable positive enthalpy with a favourable entropy change from the result of the isothermal titration calorimetry. The bioconjugate of BSA and ZnO NRs is investigated to explore the behaviour of the Trp ‐exciton coupling and corona formation. The pulse‐like nature of the coupled system between Trp of BSA and exciton of ZnO NRs has been observed after analysis of the optical properties. The aggregated structure and binding of BSA is observed from SAXS and ITC.