Occurrence and temporal variation of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in hospital inpatient department wastewater: Impacts of daily schedule of inpatients and wastewater treatment process

The temporal variation of antibiotics and ARGs as well as the impact of daily schedule of inpatients on their regular occurrence in hospital wastewater (HWW) were previously obscure. In this study, the wastewater of the inpatient department pre- and posttreatment (hydraulic retention time = 8 h) was collected intraday and intraweek. The absolute concentrations of antibiotics/metabolites and ARGs in HWW were analyzed to investigate the temporal variations of their occurrence levels. Fluoroquinolones were the predominant drugs used in the inpatient department (681.30–881.66 ng/mL in the effluent) and the main contaminant in the outlet of the disinfection pond (538.29–671.47 ng/mL). Diurnal variations peaked at 19:00 for most antibiotics and ARGs, while the maximum of them occurred on weekends. Aminoglycoside resistance genes (AMRGs, 21.6–23000 copies/mL) and β-lactam resistance genes (BLGRs, 1.24–8500 copies/mL) were the dominant ARGs before and after treatment processing, respectively (p 50%) of most antibiotics and ARGs, as well as the integrase gene intI1 and 16S rRNA gene, were found to be subjected solely to the chloride disinfection process, suggesting the necessity of the self-contained wastewater treatment process. Meanwhile, the statistically significant correlation among antibiotics, ARGs, intI1, and 16S rRNA (p