Comparison of new Brazilian legislation for the approval of advanced therapy medicinal products with existing systems in the USA, European Union and Japan

Advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) are a class of biological products for human use that are based on genes, cells and tissues. The first ATMP received marketing authorization in Europe in 2009, whereas Brazil granted the first authorization in 2020. The objective of this study was to compare the regulatory models adopted by Brazil, the USA, Japan and the European Union, which comprise the member countries of the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use, with regard to the marketing authorization of ATMPs. The authors performed a review of the scientific literature and official documents of the regulatory agencies in the aforementioned countries. The legislation and regulatory guidelines adopted by the regulatory agencies exhibit similarities and differences. It was not possible to assess whether these differences can be translated into divergent final recommendations by regulatory authorities upon a request for marketing authorization. In the future, it will be appropriate to start a progressive process of harmonization between these agencies in terms of terminology, legal recommendations and characterization requirements. This is particularly important for emerging countries such as Brazil. In this sense, some measures can be taken to achieve alignment between regulators. [Display omitted]