Immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome: A therapeutic approach in the critically ill

Immunotherapy with chimeric antigen-specific receptor modified T cells, known as CAR-T, is emerging as a promising approach to hematological malignancies. In this regard, CAR-T against human cluster of differentiation (CD) 19 has demonstrated antitumor efficacy in application to B cell neoplasms res...

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Veröffentlicht in:Medicina intensiva 2022-04, Vol.46 (4), p.201-212
Hauptverfasser: Suarez Montero, J.C., Caballero Gonzalez, A.C., Martín Aguilar, L., Mancebo Cortés, J.
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Sprache:eng
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Zusammenfassung:Immunotherapy with chimeric antigen-specific receptor modified T cells, known as CAR-T, is emerging as a promising approach to hematological malignancies. In this regard, CAR-T against human cluster of differentiation (CD) 19 has demonstrated antitumor efficacy in application to B cell neoplasms resistant to conventional therapy. However, activation of the immune system induces severe and specific complications which can prove life-threatening. These include cytokine release syndrome and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (known as ICANS) - the latter being the subject of the present review. Although the physiopathological mechanisms underlying ICANS are not well known, a number of clinical and biological factors increase the risk of developing neurotoxicity associated to CAR-T therapy. Treatment is based on close monitoring, measures of support, anticonvulsivants, corticosteroids, and early admission to intensive care. The present study offers a comprehensive review of the available literature from a multidisciplinary perspective, including recommendations from intensivists, neurologists and hematologists dedicated to the care of critically ill adults. La inmunoterapia con células T modificadas con receptor quimérico antígeno-específico (chimeric antigen receptor conocida como [CAR-T]) está emergiendo como un tratamiento prometedor para enfermedades hematológicas. Así, las CAR-T dirigidas contra el complejo de diferenciación (CD) 19 han demostrado gran eficacia antitumoral contra neoplasias de células B resistentes a terapias convencionales. Sin embargo, la activación dirigida de la respuesta inmunitaria desata en ciertos casos complicaciones específicas graves y potencialmente mortales. Entre ellas cabe destacar el síndrome de liberación de citoquinas y el síndrome de toxicidad neurológica asociado a la terapia con células inmuno-efectoras (Immune-effector cell associated neurotoxicity syndrome conocido como ICANS) siendo este último el objetivo de nuestra revisión. Aunque los mecanismos fisiopatológicos que conducen al ICANS son poco conocidos, existen factores clínicos y biológicos que aumentan el riesgo de desarrollo de neurotoxicidad asociada a terapia CAR-T. El tratamiento se basa en medidas de monitorización y soporte, tratamiento con anticonvulsivantes, corticosteroides e ingreso en los Servicios de Medicina Intensiva de forma precoz. Este artículo proporciona una revisión exhaustiva de la literatura disponible sobre el ICANS d
ISSN:2173-5727
2173-5727
1578-6749
DOI:10.1016/j.medine.2022.02.005