Construction of an early warning model of hepatic encephalopathy in patients with liver cirrhosis based on psychological testing

Aims and objectives To establish an early warning model of hepatic encephalopathy in patients with liver cirrhosis based on psychological testing. Methods Data including patient demographics, number connection test‐A (NCT‐A), digit symbol test (DST), Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease (MELD) scores were collected for patients admitted to a tertiary hospital in Shanghai with liver cirrhosis between January and December 2019. Patients were divided into two groups based on the development of hepatic encephalopathy (the hepatic encephalopathy group and non‐hepatic encephalopathy group). Risk factors for hepatic encephalopathy in patients with liver cirrhosis were determined by using the binary logistic regression. We developed a predictive model in accordance with the STARD statement criteria (Supplementary File S1) with a cut‐off value determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and calculation of the Youden index. Results A total of 417 patients with liver cirrhosis were included in the present study. Of these, 33 out of 66 patients with abnormal psychological tests had hepatic encephalopathy during hospitalisation. In contrast, 6 out of 317 patients with normal psychological tests had hepatic encephalopathy. Logistic regression analysis identified age, MELD score, and abnormal psychological tests as risk factors for hepatic encephalopathy in patients with liver cirrhosis. The area under the ROC curve for our prediction model for hepatic encephalopathy in patients with liver cirrhosis was 0.950 and the largest calculated Youden index was 0.804, which corresponds to a cut‐off value is 0.0307. Conclusion Greater age, higher MELD score and abnormal psychological tests were significantly associated with increased risk of hepatic encephalopathy indicating early warning systems and identification of abnormal psychological tests are important components of the clinical nursing care process for cirrhotic patients. Our early warning model based on psychological testing can provide a basis for nursing observation and prevention of hepatic encephalopathy. Relevance to clinical practice Risk assessments for hepatic encephalopathy according to liver function and psychological tests, in addition to traditional neurological observations and dietary guidance, have utility in decreasing the incidence of hepatic encephalopathy.