Perforation of aluminum plates with ogive-nose steel rods at normal and oblique impacts

Perforation experiments were conducted with 26.3 mm thick, 6061-T651 aluminum plates and 12.9 mm diameter, 88.9 mm long, 4340 R c = 44 ogive-nose steel rods. For normal and oblique impacts with striking velocities between 280 and 860 m/s, we measured residual velocities and displayed the perforation process with X-ray photographs. These photographs clearly showed the time-resolved projectile kinematics and permanent deformations. In addition, we developed perforation equations that accurately predict the ballistic limit and residual velocities.