Interactive effect of glycine, alanine, and calcium nitrate Ca(NO3)2 on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under lead (Pb) stress

Aim of this study was to evaluate the interactive effects of glycine, alanine, calcium nitrate [Ca(NO 3 ) 2 ], and their mixture on the growth of two wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) varieties, i.e., var. Punjab-2011 and var. Anaj-2017 under lead [0.5 mM Pb(NO 3 ) 2 ] stress. A pot experiment was conducted for this purpose. Pre-sowing seed treatment with 1 mM glycine, alanine, and calcium nitrate [Ca(NO 3 ) 2 ] was applied under two levels of lead nitrate [Pb(NO 3 ) 2 ] stress, i.e., control and 0.5 mM Pb(NO 3 ) 2 . Lead (0.5 mM) stress significantly decreased root and shoot lengths, fresh and dry weights of root and shoot, and chlorophyll contents, while it increased activities of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), and peroxidase (POD) in both wheat varieties. Lead (0.5 mM) stress increased the accumulation of free proline, glycinebetaine, total free amino acids, and total soluble protein contents. Although var. Punjab-2011 was higher in root fresh and dry weights, shoot length, and total leaf area per plant, however, var. Anaj-2017 showed less reduction in shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, and shoot length under lead stress. Under lead stress, Punjab-2011 was higher in grain yield and number of grain plant −1 , chlorophyll a contents, membrane permeability (%), POD activity, total free amino acids, and glycinebetaine (GB) contents as compared to Anaj-2017. Pre-sowing seed treatments with glycine, alanine, calcium nitrate, and their mixture (1 mM of each) increased shoot dry weight, number of grains per plants, 100-grain weight, number of spikes, and chlorophyll a contents under normal and lead-stressed conditions. Wheat var. Anaj-2017 showed higher growth and yield attributes as compared to var. Punjab-2011. Results of the current study have shown that pre-sowing seed treatments with glycine, alanine, calcium nitrate, and their mixture (1 mM of each) can overcome the harmful effects of lead (Pb) stress in wheat plants.