Cardiovascular Outcomes in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Purpose of the Review To review cardiovascular outcomes (CVE) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) that evolves over time. Recent Findings Inception cohorts now report long-term data, and large population registries add to our knowledge. Mortality and cardiovascular morbidity remain high with a risk ratio of 2–3. SLE disease activity–related inflammation accounts for higher CVE incidence ratio in the first year following diagnosis with accelerated atherosclerosis contributing to CVE in about a quarter to a third of the patients later in the disease course. Immunomodulation and disease control are associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes. Validation of modified risk stratification tools and studies evaluating primary prevention with aspirin and hydroxychloroquine are reported. Summary Increased awareness of high mortality associated with cardiac inflammation, improved outcomes with early disease control, aggressive management of risk factors, hypertension, obesity, and high cholesterol with modifying risk stratification will result in more favorable outcomes in SLE patients.