Rechargeable lithium battery anodes : alternatives to metallic lithium

Alternatives to metallic lithium for use in rechargeable Li batteries are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the use of various materials and combinations of materials in different types of electrodes rather than on the properties of the materials themselves. The review includes carbon based electrodes, alloys, conducting polymers, and transition-metal compounds. Special consideration is given to electrodes and materials used in organic liquid and polymer electrolytes, whereas liquid-cathode and molten-salt systems are excluded.