A 16-parts-per-trillion measurement of the antiproton-to-proton charge–mass ratio

The standard model of particle physics is both incredibly successful and glaringly incomplete. Among the questions left open is the striking imbalance of matter and antimatter in the observable universe 1 , which inspires experiments to compare the fundamental properties of matter/antimatter conjugates with high precision 2 – 5 . Our experiments deal with direct investigations of the fundamental properties of protons and antiprotons, performing spectroscopy in advanced cryogenic Penning trap systems 6 . For instance, we previously compared the proton/antiproton magnetic moments with 1.5 parts per billion fractional precision 7 , 8 , which improved upon previous best measurements 9 by a factor of greater than 3,000. Here we report on a new comparison of the proton/antiproton charge-to-mass ratios with a fractional uncertainty of 16 parts per trillion. Our result is based on the combination of four independent long-term studies, recorded in a total time span of 1.5 years. We use different measurement methods and experimental set-ups incorporating different systematic effects. The final result, − ( q / m ) p / ( q / m ) p ¯ = 1.000000000003 ( 16 ) , is consistent with the fundamental charge–parity–time reversal invariance, and improves the precision of our previous best measurement 6 by a factor of 4.3. The measurement tests the standard model at an energy scale of 1.96 × 10 −27 gigaelectronvolts (confidence level 0.68), and improves ten coefficients of the standard model extension 10 . Our cyclotron clock study also constrains hypothetical interactions mediating violations of the clock weak equivalence principle (WEP cc ) for antimatter to less than 1.8 × 10 −7 , and enables the first differential test of the WEP cc using antiprotons 11 . From this interpretation we constrain the differential WEP cc -violating coefficient to less than 0.030. Multiple high-precision measurement campaigns at CERN of the antiproton-to-proton charge-to-mass ratio—to a precision of 16 parts per trillion—in a cryogenic multi-Penning trap offer no evidence of charge–parity–time violation, and set stringent limits on the clock-weak-equivalence principle.