Vesico-Vaginal Fistula in Females in 2010–2020: a Systemic Review and Meta-analysis

Introduction In the Western world today, urogenital fistula, including vesicovaginal fistula (VVF), is rare. However, while it remains significant in developing parts of the world due to prolonged and obstructed labor, in this study, we systematically reviewed the existing literature, discussing VVF occurrence, its etiology, and outcomes. Material and Methods We used electronic databases to search relevant articles from 2010–2020. The screening was performed with the help of Covidence. Relevant data from included studies were extracted in excel sheets, and final analysis was done using CMA-3 using proportion with 95% confidence interval (CI). Results Fifteen studies reported the VVF among the fistula series. The pooled result showed 76.57% cases of VVF (CI, 65.42–84.96), out of which 27.54% were trigonal, 55.70% supra-trigonal, and the rest with a varied description like circumferential, juxta-cervical, juxta-urethral. Obstetric etiology was commonly reported with 19.29% ( CI , 13.26–27.21) with cesarean section and 31.14% ( CI , 18.23–47.86) with obstructed labor. Hysterectomy was the commonly reported etiology among gynecological etiology (46.52%, CI ; 36.17–57.19). Among different surgical treatments employed for fistula closure, 49.50% were by abdominal approach ( CI , 37.23–61.82), and 42.31% by vaginal approach ( CI , 31.82–53.54). Successful closure of fistula was reported in 87.09% of the surgeries ( CI , 84.39–89.38). Conclusion The vesicovaginal fistula is the most common type of genitourinary fistula. Major causes of fistula are gynecological surgery, obstructed labor, and cesarean section. The vaginal approach and abdominal are common modalities of repair of fistula with favorable outcomes in the majority of the patients.