Effects of perfluoroalkyl substances on root and rhizosphere bacteria: Phytotoxicity, phyto-microbial remediation, risk assessment

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) is easily sink into soil, affecting plants growth and microenvironment. However, the impacts of PFAS-related risk assessment on root and rhizosphere microbiomes are still poorly understood. Researched on Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana benthamiana growing in contaminated with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), hexafluoropropylene oxide-dimer acid (HFPO-DA) and their mixtures. (i) Bioaccumulation of PFAS in roots was positively correlated with carbon chain length, contamination levels and exposure time, the phytotoxicity was as follows: HFPO-DA