Panic‐like responses of female Wistar rats confronted by Bothrops alternatus pit vipers, or exposure to acute hypoxia: Effect of oestrous cycle

Anxiety‐related diseases are more than twice as common in women than in men, and in women, symptoms may be exacerbated during the late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Despite this, most research into the underlying mechanisms, which drives drug development, have been carried out using male animals. In an effort to redress this imbalance, we compared responses of male and female Wistar rats during exposure to two unconditioned threatening stimuli that evoke panic‐related defensive behaviours: confrontation with a predator (Bothrops alternatus) and acute exposure to hypoxia (7% O2). Threatened by venomous snake, male and female rats initially displayed defensive attention, risk assessment, and cautious interaction with the snake, progressing to defensive immobility to overt escape. Both males and females displayed higher levels of risk assessment but less interaction with the predator. They also spent more time in the burrow, displaying inhibitory avoidance, and more time engaged in defensive attention, and non‐oriented escape behaviour. In females, anxiety‐like behaviour was most pronounced in the oestrous and proestrus phases whereas panic‐like behaviour was more pronounced during the dioestrus phase, particularly during late dioestrus. Acute hypoxia evoked panic‐like behaviour (undirected jumping) in both sexes, but in females, responsiveness in late dioestrus was significantly greater than at other stages of the cycle. The results reveal that females respond in a qualitatively similar manner to males during exposure to naturally occurring threatening stimuli, but the responses of females is oestrous cycle dependent with a significant exacerbation of panic‐like behaviour in the late dioestrus phase. Background: Artistic photomicrograph of a coronal section of midbrain tectum, showing part of the citoarchitecture (top) of the dorsolateral columns of the periaqueductal grey matter of a Rattus norvegicus labelled with a neural tract tracer. Bottom: Effect of oestrous cycle on anxiety‐ and panic‐like behavioural responses of female Wistar rats submitted either to the enriched polygonal arena for snakes panic test (with confrontation between prey and the urutu‐cruzeiro lancehead venomous pit viper) or to the hypoxia chamber panic test.