Pro‐inflammatory profiles in cardiovascular disease patients with peri‐implantitis

Background To investigate the pro‐inflammatory cytokine profiles in patients with or without cardiovascular disease (CVD) and with or without peri‐implantitis. Methods Serum, peri‐implant crevicular fluid (PICF), and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) were collected from patients with (n = 82) or without CVD (n = 46) at the most severe peri‐implantitis site including sites with periodontitis. A panel of proinflammatory molecules including high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hsCRP), fibrinogen, interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1β), IL‐6, plasma tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), matrix metallo‐proteinase‐8 (MMP‐8), osteoprotegerin (OPG), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), IL‐17, IL‐8, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐2 (TIMP‐2), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were analyzed using human custom Quantibody arrays. Krunskal‐Wallis test was used to compare groups. The diagnostic ability of each biomarker was assessed using chi‐square test and ROC analysis. Results Serum IL‐1β, TNF‐α and fibrinogen were significantly higher in CVD patients than those without. Serum fibrinogen displayed a trend of higher concentration in patients with radiographic bone loss (RBL) ≥2 mm (P = 0.08). PICF TNF‐α exhibited a significantly higher detection level in the CVD patients that is coincided with the local peri‐implant inflammation. In addition, PICF MMP‐8 was significantly higher in the RBL ≥2 mm sites than the healthy implants; whereas IL‐1β, IL‐8, MMP‐8, and TIMP‐2 proved to be the significant predictors for peri‐implant disease. GCF TNF‐α collected from patients with periodontitis was significantly associated with CVD cases. Conclusion The augmented expression of local and systemic pro‐inflammatory cytokines found in the current study supports the weak association between the chronic peri‐implantitis with increasing severity and CVD.