Supernumerary roots in maxillary deciduous canines: A rare anomaly with a long history

To describe two maxillary deciduous bi-rooted canines, one archeological and one modern, and examine the possible etiology of this condition. Two cases of bi-rooted canines were described and compared to published examples. Both specimens were radiographed and measured and compared to one-rooted samples. The archeological specimen was scanned using CBCT to facilitate detailed examination of the deciduous teeth. The extracted modern tooth was embedded in epoxy resin and two coronal sections were cut, one through the crown and one through the roots and examined with a light microscope. The bi-rooted canines were larger than the control samples. They showed none of the features commonly associated with gemination. The radiographs and scans showed that the canine roots in the archeological case diverged mesio-distally like the buccal roots in the adjacent first deciduous molar. In the clinical case, the root trunk was elongated mesio-distally and the furcation was located very close to the apex with a C-shaped root canal. Both variants of the condition described above are rare in deciduous canines. They do not seem to be associated with fusion or gemination. However, as the teeth are relatively flattened bucco-lingually and we tentatively propose that this form results from spatial constraints during the early stages of crown development that have contributed to the development of additional roots. The megadont dimension of the recent bi-rooted deciduous canine may affect root development and the necessity of two mesio-distally located roots for anchorage in the maxilla. •A birooted deciduous canine from Iron age in Israel was examined.•The furcation was located near the cemento-enamel junction.•In comparison with a modern case, the root trunk was very short.•In the modern case the root was c-shaped with a furcation near the apex.•The mesio-distal dimensions of the birooted canines are megadont.