B cell depletion treatment decreases Th17 cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

We aimed to evaluate for any possible effects of treatment with rituximab (RTX) on the peripheral Th17 and Treg subpopulations in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We analyzed 16 patients with RA initiating RTX treatment, 11 patients with RA initiating abatacept treatment, 11 patients with RA treated with other medications, 8 patients with other autoimmune rheumatic diseases initiating RTX, and 14 healthy volunteers. Th17 cells (CD4+IL23R+IL17A+) and Treg cells (CD4+CD25hiFoxP3+) were evaluated flow-cytometrically. Th17 cells from patients treated with RTX decreased significantly at weeks 8 and 16 (mean ± SEΜ: 3.01% ± 0.54℅ CD4+ cells at week 0 vs. 1.53% ± 0.24℅ at week 8 vs 1.10% ± 0.20℅ at week 16, p = 0.0004). Reductions of Th17 cells were evident in clinical responders (DAS28 score ≤ 3.2), ACPA (+) and RF (−) patients; circulating Tregs remained stable. Th17 and Tregs were not affected by ABA treatment or by changes in disease activity. Tregs, but not Th17 cells, decreased following treatment with RTX in patients with other autoimmune diseases (0.75% ± 0.16% at week 0 vs. 0.43% ± 0.16% at week 8, p = 0.033). RTX-induced B cell depletion results in a significant reduction of circulating Th17 cell percentages, whereas it has no effect on Tregs of patients with RA. This reduction of Th17 cells was evident particularly in responders to RTX treatment, ACPA+ and RF (−) patients with RA. •RTX reduces Th-17 cells in patients with RA.•RTX had no effect on peripheral Tregs of patients with RA.•Treatment with ABA does not alter the number of both Th17 cells and Tregs of patients with RA.•Patients with RA under standard treatment had similar percentages of Th-17 and Tregs cells at 2 different time points.•RTX-induced Th17 reduction was RTX- and disease-specific and inflammatory status independent.