Evidence for reciprocal evolution of the global repressor Mlc and its cognate phosphotransferase system sugar transporter

Summary Because the bacterial phosphoenolpyruvate:carbohydrate phosphotransferase system (PTS) is involved in the regulation of various physiological processes in addition to carbohydrate transport, its expression is precisely regulated in response to the availability of PTS sugars. The PTS consists of enzyme I and histidine phosphocarrier protein, and several sugar‐specific enzymes II. In Escherichia coli, genes for enzymes II specific for glucose and related sugars are co‐regulated by the global repressor Mlc, and glucose induction of the Mlc regulon genes is achieved by its interaction with glucose‐specific enzyme II (EIIGlc). In this study, we revealed that, in Vibrio species, which are phylogenetically older than Enterobacteriaceae, the membrane sequestration of Mlc and thereby the induction of its regulon genes is mediated by N‐acetylglucosamine (NAG)‐specific EII. While Vibrio Mlc interacts only with the EIIB domain of EIINag, E. coli Mlc interacts with the EIIB domain of both EIIGlc and EIINag. The present data suggest that EIINag may be the primordial regulator of Mlc, and EIIGlc has evolved to interact with Mlc since an EIIA domain was fused to EIINag in Enterobacteriaceae. Our findings provide insight into the coevolutionary dynamics between a transcription factor and its cognate regulator according to long‐term resource availability in the bacterial natural habitat.