Joint protection strategies for Saccharomyces boulardii: exogenous encapsulation and endogenous biofilm structure

Biofilms are heterogeneous structures composed of microorganisms and the surrounding extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) that protect the microbial cells from harsh environments. Saccharomyces boulardii is the first yeast classified as a probiotic strain with unique properties. However, tolerance of S. boulardii biofilms to harsh environments especially during production and in the gastrointestine remains unknown. In this study, S. boulardii cells were encapsulated in alginate microcapsules and subsequently cultured to form biofilms, and their survival and tolerance were evaluated. Microencapsulation provided S. boulardii a confined space that enhanced biofilm formation. The thick alginate shell and the mature biofilm improved the ability of S. boulardii to survive under harsh conditions. The exogenous encapsulation and the endogenous biofilm structure together enhanced the gastrointestinal tolerance and thermotolerance of S. boulardii. Besides, as the alginate shell became thinner with an increase in the subsequent culture duration, the EPS of S. boulardii biofilms exerted an important protective effect in resisting high temperatures. The encapsulated biofilm of S. boulardii after 24-h culture exhibited 60 × higher thermotolerance at 60 °C (10 min), while those after 6-h and 24-h culture showed 1000 × to 550,000 × higher thermotolerance at 120 °C (1 min) compared with the planktonic cells without encapsulation. The present study’s findings suggest that a combination of encapsulation and biofilm mode efficiently enhanced gastrointestinal tolerance and thermotolerance of S. boulardii. Key points • Encapsulated S. boulardii in biofilm mode showed enhanced tolerance. • Exogenous shell and endogenous biofilm provided dual protection to S. boulardii. Graphical abstract