Investigation into the geometry and distribution of oil inclusions in sea ice using non-destructive X-ray microtomography and its implications for remote sensing and mitigation potential

As climate change brings reduced sea ice cover and longer ice-free summers to the Arctic, northern Canada is experiencing an increase in shipping and industrial activity in this sensitive region. Disappearing sea ice, therefore, makes the Arctic region susceptible to accidental releases of different types of oil and fuel pollution resulting in a pressing need for the development of appropriate scientific knowledge necessary to inform regulatory policy formulation. In this study, we examine the microstructure of the surficial layers of sea ice exposed to oil using X-ray microtomography. Through analysis, 3D imaging of the spatial distribution of the ice's components (brine, air, and oil) were made. Additional quantitative information regarding the size, proximity, orientation, and geometry of oil inclusions were computed to ascertain discernable relationships between oil and the other components of the ice. Our results indicate implications for airborne remote sensing and bioremediation of the upper sea ice layers. •Polypropylene tube enhanced the capacity for imaging oil-in-ice.•Oil was incorporated in the sea ice matrix and appeared dispersed.•Oil remained separate from the brine.•Oil inclusions resemble the geometry of a disk or oblate spheroid.•Inclusions were randomly oriented and had feature sizes less than 1 mm.