The Impact of Histologic Liver Inflammation on Oncology and the Prognosis of Patients Undergoing Hepatectomy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Background Liver inflammation is a reaction to disease-causing stress in the liver that induces fibrosis and cirrhosis. However, its prognostic impact after hepatectomy remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic and oncologic impacts of liver inflammation on patients after curative hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods The study enrolled 500 consecutive patients with primary HCC who underwent curative and primary hepatectomy. Patient characteristics and prognoses were evaluated according to histologic liver inflammation assessed by the New Inuyama Classification. Results Severe liver inflammation (A3) was observed in 97 patients (19.4%) and nonsevere liver inflammation (A0-2) in 403 patients (80.6%). The patients with A3 had a significantly poorer prognosis than those with A0-2 in terms of relapse-free survival ( p < 0.0001, log-rank) and overall survival ( p = 0.0013, log-rank). The study showed that A3 is an independent poor prognostic factor (hazard ratio, 1.36; 95% confidence interval [Cl], 1.02–1.81; p = 0.039), and that Child-Pugh grade B and multiple tumors are associated with relapse-free survival. Furthermore, The significant predictors of early recurrence (within 2 years after hepatectomy) were A3 (odds ratio, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.25–3.55; p = 0.005), a des-γ-carboxyprothrombin level higher than 40 mAU/mL, and multiple tumors. Conclusions Severe liver inflammation was associated with poor short- and long-term prognoses independently of cirrhosis. Controlling liver inflammation in the perioperative period may be essential to improving the prognosis of patients with HCC after hepatectomy.