Hemostatic dressings based on poly(vinyl formal) sponges

The development of novel hemostatic agents is related to the fact that severe blood loss due to hemorrhage continues to be the leading cause of preventable death of patients with military trauma and the second leading cause of death of civilian patients with injuries. Herein we assessed the hemostatic properties of porous sponges based on biocompatible hydrophilic polymer, poly(vinyl formal) (PVF), which meets the main requirements for the development of hemostatic materials. A series of composite hemostatic materials based on PVF sponges with different porosities and fillers were synthesized by acetalization of poly(vinyl alcohol) with formaldehyde. Nano-sized aminopropyl silica, micro-sized calcium carbonate, and chitosan hydrogel were used to modify PVF matrixes. The physicochemical properties (pore size, elemental composition, functional groups, hydrophilicity, and acetalization degree) of the synthesized composite sponges were studied by gravimetrical analysis, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance. Hemostatic properties of the materials were assessed using a model of parenchymal bleeding from the liver of white male Wistar rat with a gauze bandage as a control. All investigated PVF-based porous sponges showed high hemostatic activity: upon the application of PVF-samples the bleeding decreased within 3 min by 68.4–94.4% (р