Daylight LED promotes photochemical ring contraction of 2-amine-4H-pyran-3-carbonitriles with consequent loss of their antifungal activity

The initial objective of our work was to synthesize a series of 2-amino-4 H -pyran-3-carbonitriles to be tested for their antifungal activities against economically relevant phytopathogenic fungi. Fourteen compounds were prepared in up to 94% yield and shown percentages of Botrytis cinerea inhibition above 70%. Despite the promising biological results, we observed that stock solutions prepared for biological tests showed color changing when kept for a few days on the laboratory bench, under room conditions, illuminated by common LED daylight tubes (4500–6000 k). This prompted us to investigate the possible photo-induced degradation of our compounds. FT-IR ATR experiments evidenced variations in the expected bands for functional of -amino-4 H -pyran-3-carbonitriles stored under LED daylight. Following, HPLC–UV analysis showed reductions in the intensity of chromatographic peaks of 2-amino-4 H -pyran-3-carbonitriles, and but not for solutions kept in the dark. A solution of ( E )-2-amino-8-(4-nitrobenzylidene)-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4 H -chromene-3-carbonitrile underwent 84.4% of conversion after 72 h of exposure to continuous LED daylight in a BOD chamber, and the reaction product was isolated in 36% yield and characterized as ( E )-7-cyano-5-(4-nitrobenzylidene)-8-(4-nitrophenyl)bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-1(6)-ene-7-carboxamide ( 7* ). Despite freshly prepared solutions of 2-amino-4 H -pyran-3-carbonitriles produced antifungal activities, these solutions lost biological activity when left on the bench for a week. Besides, compound 7* formed from photo-induced degradation of 7 also showed no antifungal activity. With this, we hope to bring two contributions: (1) production of cyclobutenes through photochemical reactions of 2-amino-4 H -pyran-3-carbonitriles can be carried out through exposure to simple white LED daylight; (2) biological applications of such 2-amino-4 H -pyran-3-carbonitriles may be impaired by their poor photostability. Graphic abstract