Development of a gRNA–tRNA array of CRISPR/Cas9 in combination with grafting technique to improve gene-editing efficiency of sweet orange

Key message Here, we developed a reliable protocol for the fast and efficient gene-edited Anliu sweet orange plants production. The application of in vitro shoot grafting technology significantly reduced the growth cycle of transgenic seedlings, and the survival rate of cleft grafting was more than 90%. In addition, the mutation efficiency of the grafted geneedited sweet orange was significantly improved by short-term heat stress treatments. Thus, the combination strategy of grafting and heat stress treatments provided a reference for the fast and efficient multiplex gene editing of sweet orange.