On-site rainwater harvesting and treatment for drinking water supply: assessment of cost and technical issues
This study assessed the performance of rainwater-harvesting systems installed for selected public utilities in the northern provinces of Vietnam where rainwater was collected, stored in stainless steel tanks, and treated with a complex filtration unit and Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection system (full s...
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Veröffentlicht in: | Environmental science and pollution research international 2021-03, Vol.28 (10), p.11928-11941 |
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Format: | Artikel |
Sprache: | eng |
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Zusammenfassung: | This study assessed the performance of rainwater-harvesting systems installed for selected public utilities in the northern provinces of Vietnam where rainwater was collected, stored in stainless steel tanks, and treated with a complex filtration unit and Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection system (full system). Results from an operation of over 5 years show that the untreated rainwater could not be used directly for drinking purposes as it was contaminated with bacteria (total coliforms TC = 200–300 CFU/100 ml,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
PA = 40–160 CFU/100 ml), and turbidity = 2–4 NTU. Most of the heavy metals detected were found below the standard limits. Phenol and its derivatives were detected occasionally as higher than the standard value (1 μg/L). After treatment, all parameters met the drinking water standards. The capital costs of the rainwater systems were approximately US$200/m
3
and US$180/m
3
for a full system and simplified system (without complex filtration unit), respectively, while the operation and maintenance (O&M) costs were 3 cents/L and 0.8 cents/L on average for a full system and simplified one, correspondingly. |
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ISSN: | 0944-1344 1614-7499 |
DOI: | 10.1007/s11356-020-07977-0 |