Retrospective analysis of wood anatomical traits and tree‐ring isotopes suggests site‐specific mechanisms triggering Araucaria araucana drought‐induced dieback

In 2010–2018, Northern Patagonia featured the longest severe drought of the last millennium. This extreme dry spell triggered widespread growth decline and forest dieback. Nonetheless, the roles played by the two major mechanisms driving dieback, hydraulic failure and carbon starvation, are still not clear and understudied in this seasonally dry region. Here, for the 1800–2017 period, we apply a retrospective analysis of radial growth, wood anatomical traits (lumen area, cell‐wall thickness) and δ13C and δ18O stable isotopes to assess dieback causes of the iconic conifer Araucaria araucana. We selected three stands where declining (defoliated) and nondeclining (not defoliated) trees coexisted along a precipitation gradient from the warm‐dry Coastal Range to the cool‐wet Andes. At all sites declining trees showed lower radial growth and lower theoretical hydraulic conductivity, suggesting a long‐lasting process of hydraulic deterioration in their water transport system compared to nondeclining, coexisting trees. Wood anatomical traits evidenced that this divergence between declining and nondeclining trees started at least seven decades before canopy dieback. In the drier stands, declining trees showed higher water‐use efficiency (WUE) throughout the whole period, which we attributed to early stomatal closure, suggesting a greater carbon starvation risk consistent with thinner cell walls. In the wettest stand, we found the opposite pattern. Here, a reduction in WUE coupled with thicker cell walls suggested increased carbon assimilation rates and exposure to drought‐induced hydraulic failure. The δ18O values indicated different strategies of gas exchange between sites, which are likely a consequence of microsite conditions and water sources. Multiproxy, retrospective quantifications of xylem anatomical traits and tree‐ring isotopes provide a robust tool to identify and forecast, which stands or trees will show dieback or, on the contrary, which will likely withstand and be more resilient to future hotter droughts. Araucaria araucana wood anatomical traits evidenced a deterioration of the hydraulic system in declining trees. This pattern is site‐specific and started many decades before canopy dieback. In Chile, declining trees showed higher WUEi in the last 200 years, indicating an earlier stomatal closure to avoid water loss, and a potential greater carbon starvation risk consistent with thinner cell walls. In Argentina, we found the opposite, here drought‐in