Having Too Little or Too Much Time Is Linked to Lower Subjective Well-Being
Many people living in modern society feel like they do not have enough time and are constantly searching for more. But is having limited discretionary time actually detrimental? And can there be downsides of having too much discretionary time? In two large-scale data sets spanning 35,375 Americans a...
Gespeichert in:
Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of personality and social psychology 2021-10, Vol.121 (4), p.933-947 |
---|---|
Hauptverfasser: | , , |
Format: | Artikel |
Sprache: | eng |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
container_end_page | 947 |
---|---|
container_issue | 4 |
container_start_page | 933 |
container_title | Journal of personality and social psychology |
container_volume | 121 |
creator | Sharif, Marissa A. Mogilner, Cassie Hershfield, Hal E. |
description | Many people living in modern society feel like they do not have enough time and are constantly searching for more. But is having limited discretionary time actually detrimental? And can there be downsides of having too much discretionary time? In two large-scale data sets spanning 35,375 Americans and two experiments, we explore the relationship between the amount of discretionary time individuals have and their subjective well-being. We find and internally replicate a negative quadratic relationship between discretionary time and subjective well-being. These results show that whereas having too little time is indeed linked to lower subjective well-being caused by stress, having more time does not continually translate to greater subjective well-being. Having an abundance of discretionary time is sometimes even linked to lower subjective well-being because of a lacking sense of productivity. In such cases, the negative effect of having too much discretionary time can be attenuated when people spend this time on productive activities. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1037/pspp0000391 |
format | Article |
fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_2571054127</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2570517839</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-a382t-ddfa71587cd06ebf344bb48a0cc6f7718080affd03b25c4582b72407534f05113</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp90U1LwzAYB_AgipvTk3cpeBG0mtclPepQN5x4cOIxpGmqnX0zSSf79mZuingwlxDyy_95yAPAIYLnCBJ-0bq2hWGRBG2BPkpIEiOC2DboQ4hxTBiiPbDn3DwYyjDeBT1CaSJEgvvgbqwWRf0SzZommhbelyZq7NfpvtOv0ayoTDRx4ap-M1nkA2o-jI0eu3RutC8WJno2ZRlfmRCyD3ZyVTpzsNkH4OnmejYax9OH28nochorIrCPsyxXHDHBdQaHJs1DM2lKhYJaD3POkYACqjzPIEkx05QJnHJMIWeE5pAhRAbgZJ3b2ua9M87LqnA6tKFq03ROYsYRZBRhHujxHzpvOluH7iQewlCMEsj-VYyHmlyQJKjTtdK2cc6aXLa2qJRdSgTlahLy1ySCPtpkdmllsh_7_fUBnK2BalV4udTK-kKXxunOWlP7VZpEGEkqE0LIJ1WJkA0</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2570517839</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Having Too Little or Too Much Time Is Linked to Lower Subjective Well-Being</title><source>Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA)</source><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Sociological Abstracts</source><source>EBSCOhost APA PsycARTICLES</source><creator>Sharif, Marissa A. ; Mogilner, Cassie ; Hershfield, Hal E.</creator><contributor>Lucas, Richard E ; Cooper, M. Lynne</contributor><creatorcontrib>Sharif, Marissa A. ; Mogilner, Cassie ; Hershfield, Hal E. ; Lucas, Richard E ; Cooper, M. Lynne</creatorcontrib><description>Many people living in modern society feel like they do not have enough time and are constantly searching for more. But is having limited discretionary time actually detrimental? And can there be downsides of having too much discretionary time? In two large-scale data sets spanning 35,375 Americans and two experiments, we explore the relationship between the amount of discretionary time individuals have and their subjective well-being. We find and internally replicate a negative quadratic relationship between discretionary time and subjective well-being. These results show that whereas having too little time is indeed linked to lower subjective well-being caused by stress, having more time does not continually translate to greater subjective well-being. Having an abundance of discretionary time is sometimes even linked to lower subjective well-being because of a lacking sense of productivity. In such cases, the negative effect of having too much discretionary time can be attenuated when people spend this time on productive activities.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0022-3514</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1939-1315</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1939-1315</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000391</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34498892</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: American Psychological Association</publisher><subject>Emotions ; Female ; Happiness ; Human ; Humans ; Life Satisfaction ; Male ; Modern society ; Productivity ; Society ; Stress ; Time ; Time Factors ; Time related factors ; Time use ; Well Being</subject><ispartof>Journal of personality and social psychology, 2021-10, Vol.121 (4), p.933-947</ispartof><rights>2021 American Psychological Association</rights><rights>2021, American Psychological Association</rights><rights>Copyright American Psychological Association Oct 2021</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-a382t-ddfa71587cd06ebf344bb48a0cc6f7718080affd03b25c4582b72407534f05113</citedby><orcidid>0000-0001-7910-7000</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902,30976,33751</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34498892$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Lucas, Richard E</contributor><contributor>Cooper, M. Lynne</contributor><creatorcontrib>Sharif, Marissa A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mogilner, Cassie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hershfield, Hal E.</creatorcontrib><title>Having Too Little or Too Much Time Is Linked to Lower Subjective Well-Being</title><title>Journal of personality and social psychology</title><addtitle>J Pers Soc Psychol</addtitle><description>Many people living in modern society feel like they do not have enough time and are constantly searching for more. But is having limited discretionary time actually detrimental? And can there be downsides of having too much discretionary time? In two large-scale data sets spanning 35,375 Americans and two experiments, we explore the relationship between the amount of discretionary time individuals have and their subjective well-being. We find and internally replicate a negative quadratic relationship between discretionary time and subjective well-being. These results show that whereas having too little time is indeed linked to lower subjective well-being caused by stress, having more time does not continually translate to greater subjective well-being. Having an abundance of discretionary time is sometimes even linked to lower subjective well-being because of a lacking sense of productivity. In such cases, the negative effect of having too much discretionary time can be attenuated when people spend this time on productive activities.</description><subject>Emotions</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Happiness</subject><subject>Human</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Life Satisfaction</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Modern society</subject><subject>Productivity</subject><subject>Society</subject><subject>Stress</subject><subject>Time</subject><subject>Time Factors</subject><subject>Time related factors</subject><subject>Time use</subject><subject>Well Being</subject><issn>0022-3514</issn><issn>1939-1315</issn><issn>1939-1315</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>7QJ</sourceid><sourceid>BHHNA</sourceid><recordid>eNp90U1LwzAYB_AgipvTk3cpeBG0mtclPepQN5x4cOIxpGmqnX0zSSf79mZuingwlxDyy_95yAPAIYLnCBJ-0bq2hWGRBG2BPkpIEiOC2DboQ4hxTBiiPbDn3DwYyjDeBT1CaSJEgvvgbqwWRf0SzZommhbelyZq7NfpvtOv0ayoTDRx4ap-M1nkA2o-jI0eu3RutC8WJno2ZRlfmRCyD3ZyVTpzsNkH4OnmejYax9OH28nochorIrCPsyxXHDHBdQaHJs1DM2lKhYJaD3POkYACqjzPIEkx05QJnHJMIWeE5pAhRAbgZJ3b2ua9M87LqnA6tKFq03ROYsYRZBRhHujxHzpvOluH7iQewlCMEsj-VYyHmlyQJKjTtdK2cc6aXLa2qJRdSgTlahLy1ySCPtpkdmllsh_7_fUBnK2BalV4udTK-kKXxunOWlP7VZpEGEkqE0LIJ1WJkA0</recordid><startdate>20211001</startdate><enddate>20211001</enddate><creator>Sharif, Marissa A.</creator><creator>Mogilner, Cassie</creator><creator>Hershfield, Hal E.</creator><general>American Psychological Association</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7RZ</scope><scope>PSYQQ</scope><scope>7QJ</scope><scope>7U4</scope><scope>8BJ</scope><scope>BHHNA</scope><scope>DWI</scope><scope>FQK</scope><scope>JBE</scope><scope>WZK</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7910-7000</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20211001</creationdate><title>Having Too Little or Too Much Time Is Linked to Lower Subjective Well-Being</title><author>Sharif, Marissa A. ; Mogilner, Cassie ; Hershfield, Hal E.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-a382t-ddfa71587cd06ebf344bb48a0cc6f7718080affd03b25c4582b72407534f05113</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Emotions</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Happiness</topic><topic>Human</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Life Satisfaction</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Modern society</topic><topic>Productivity</topic><topic>Society</topic><topic>Stress</topic><topic>Time</topic><topic>Time Factors</topic><topic>Time related factors</topic><topic>Time use</topic><topic>Well Being</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Sharif, Marissa A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mogilner, Cassie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hershfield, Hal E.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>APA PsycArticles®</collection><collection>ProQuest One Psychology</collection><collection>Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA)</collection><collection>Sociological Abstracts (pre-2017)</collection><collection>International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS)</collection><collection>Sociological Abstracts</collection><collection>Sociological Abstracts</collection><collection>International Bibliography of the Social Sciences</collection><collection>International Bibliography of the Social Sciences</collection><collection>Sociological Abstracts (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Journal of personality and social psychology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Sharif, Marissa A.</au><au>Mogilner, Cassie</au><au>Hershfield, Hal E.</au><au>Lucas, Richard E</au><au>Cooper, M. Lynne</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Having Too Little or Too Much Time Is Linked to Lower Subjective Well-Being</atitle><jtitle>Journal of personality and social psychology</jtitle><addtitle>J Pers Soc Psychol</addtitle><date>2021-10-01</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>121</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>933</spage><epage>947</epage><pages>933-947</pages><issn>0022-3514</issn><issn>1939-1315</issn><eissn>1939-1315</eissn><abstract>Many people living in modern society feel like they do not have enough time and are constantly searching for more. But is having limited discretionary time actually detrimental? And can there be downsides of having too much discretionary time? In two large-scale data sets spanning 35,375 Americans and two experiments, we explore the relationship between the amount of discretionary time individuals have and their subjective well-being. We find and internally replicate a negative quadratic relationship between discretionary time and subjective well-being. These results show that whereas having too little time is indeed linked to lower subjective well-being caused by stress, having more time does not continually translate to greater subjective well-being. Having an abundance of discretionary time is sometimes even linked to lower subjective well-being because of a lacking sense of productivity. In such cases, the negative effect of having too much discretionary time can be attenuated when people spend this time on productive activities.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>American Psychological Association</pub><pmid>34498892</pmid><doi>10.1037/pspp0000391</doi><tpages>15</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7910-7000</orcidid></addata></record> |
fulltext | fulltext |
identifier | ISSN: 0022-3514 |
ispartof | Journal of personality and social psychology, 2021-10, Vol.121 (4), p.933-947 |
issn | 0022-3514 1939-1315 1939-1315 |
language | eng |
recordid | cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_2571054127 |
source | Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA); MEDLINE; Sociological Abstracts; EBSCOhost APA PsycARTICLES |
subjects | Emotions Female Happiness Human Humans Life Satisfaction Male Modern society Productivity Society Stress Time Time Factors Time related factors Time use Well Being |
title | Having Too Little or Too Much Time Is Linked to Lower Subjective Well-Being |
url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-02-16T19%3A25%3A13IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_cross&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Having%20Too%20Little%20or%20Too%20Much%20Time%20Is%20Linked%20to%20Lower%20Subjective%20Well-Being&rft.jtitle=Journal%20of%20personality%20and%20social%20psychology&rft.au=Sharif,%20Marissa%20A.&rft.date=2021-10-01&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=4&rft.spage=933&rft.epage=947&rft.pages=933-947&rft.issn=0022-3514&rft.eissn=1939-1315&rft_id=info:doi/10.1037/pspp0000391&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_cross%3E2570517839%3C/proquest_cross%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2570517839&rft_id=info:pmid/34498892&rfr_iscdi=true |