Cyclic nucleotide gated channel genes (CNGCs) in Rosaceae: genome-wide annotation, evolution and the roles on Valsa canker resistance

Key message In Rosaceae , tandem duplication caused the drastic expansion of CNGC gene family Group I. The members MdCN11 and MdCN19 negatively regulate Valsa canker resistance. Apple ( Malus domestica ) and pear ( Pyrus bretschneideri and P. communis ) are important fruit crops in Rosaceae family but are suffering from threats of Valsa canker. Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels (CNGCs) take crucial roles in plant immune responses. In the present study, a total of 355 CNGCs was identified from 8 Rosaceae plants. Based on phylogenetic analysis, 540 CNGCs from 18 plants (8 in Rosaceae and 10 others) could be divided into four groups. Group I was greatly expanded in Rosaceae resulted from tandem duplications. A large number of cis -acting regulatory elements ( cis -elements) responsive to signals from multiple stresses and hormones were identified in the promoter regions of CNGCs in Malus spp. and Pyrus spp . Expressions of most Group I members were obviously up-regulated in Valsa canker susceptible varieties but not in the resistant ones. Furthermore, overexpression of the MdCN11 and MdCN19 in both apple fruits and ‘Duli’ ( P. betulifolia ) suspension cells compromised Valsa canker resistance. Overexpression of MdCN11 induced expression of hypersensitive response (HR)-related genes. In conclusion, tandem duplication resulted in a drastic expansion of CNGC Group I members in Rosaceae . Among these, MdCN11 and MdCN19 negatively regulate the Valsa canker resistance via inducting HR.