Human induced pluripotent stem cell‐derived macrophages ameliorate liver fibrosis

With an increasing number of patients with degenerative hepatic diseases, such as liver fibrosis, and a limited supply of donor organs, there is an unmet need for therapies that can repair or regenerate damaged liver tissue. Treatment with macrophages that are capable of phagocytosis and anti‐inflammatory activities such as secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) provide an attractive cellular therapy approach. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are capable of efficiently generating a large‐scale, homogenous population of human macrophages using fully defined feeder‐ and serum‐free differentiation protocol. Human iPSC‐macrophages exhibit classical surface cell markers and phagocytic activity similar to peripheral blood‐derived macrophages. Moreover, gene and cytokine expression analysis reveal that these macrophages can be efficiently polarized to pro‐inflammatory M1 or anti‐inflammatory M2 phenotypes in presence of LPS + IFN‐γ and IL‐4 + IL‐13, respectively. M1 macrophages express high level of CD80, TNF‐α, and IL‐6 while M2 macrophages show elevated expression of CD206, CCL17, and CCL22. Here, we demonstrate that treatment of liver fibrosis with both human iPSC‐derived macrophage populations and especially M2 subtype significantly reduces fibrogenic gene expression and disease associated histological markers including Sirius Red, αSMA and desmin in immunodeficient Rag2−/−γc−/− mice model, making this approach a promising cell‐based avenue to ameliorate fibrosis. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are efficiently differentiated into both M1 and M2 macrophages. These cells were used to treat liver fibrosis in an immunodeficient mouse model. This treatment led to improvement in the fibrosis as measured by several complementary assays.