Bacterial glycocalyx integrity drives multicellular swarm biofilm dynamism

Exopolysaccharide (EPS) layers on the bacterial cell surface are key determinants of biofilm establishment and maintenance, leading to the formation of higher‐order 3D structures that confer numerous survival benefits to a cell community. In addition to a specific cell‐associated EPS glycocalyx, we recently revealed that the social δ‐proteobacterium Myxococcus xanthus secretes a novel biosurfactant polysaccharide (BPS) to the extracellular milieu. Together, secretion of the two polymers (EPS and BPS) is required for type IV pilus (T4P)‐dependent swarm expansion via spatio‐specific biofilm expression profiles. Thus the synergy between EPS and BPS secretion somehow modulates the multicellular lifecycle of M. xanthus. Herein, we demonstrate that BPS secretion functionally alters the EPS glycocalyx via destabilization of the latter, fundamentally changing the characteristics of the cell surface. This impacts motility behaviors at the single‐cell level and the aggregative capacity of cells in groups via cell‐surface EPS fibril formation as well as T4P production, stability, and positioning. These changes modulate the structure of swarm biofilms via cell layering, likely contributing to the formation of internal swarm polysaccharide architecture. Together, these data reveal the manner by which the combined secretion of two distinct polymers induces single‐cell changes that modulate swarm biofilm communities. Production of a recently‐identified biosurfactant polysaccharide by Myxococcus xanthus results in destabilization of the surface exopolysaccharide layer at the single‐cell level. This destabilization impacts all aspects of M. xanthus multicellular physiology including single‐cell and group modes of motility, fruiting body formation during development, as well as biofilm formation and structuration.