Sleep Health in U.S. Military Women: A Scoping Review of the Literature, 2000–2019

Sleep, critical to military operational effectiveness, is among the top five outpatient conditions for which military women seek care, yet sleep research in active duty servicewomen is sparse. We conducted a scoping review to 1) describe literature focused on sleep disorders and promotion of sleep health among U.S. active duty servicewomen and 2) identify opportunities for future health policies and research that may improve sleep health and decrease incidence of disordered sleep in servicewomen. The PRISMA-ScR guidelines for scoping reviews informed this project. We searched Ovid; MEDLINE and Epub Ahead of Print, In-Process and Other Non-Indexed Citations, Daily and Versions; Embase; CINAHL; Cochrane Central; the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews; PsycInfo; and the Web of Science, and several sources of grey literature, from January 2000 through March 2019. We used a three-step screening and data extraction process: 1) title and abstract screening, 2) full-text article screening, and 3) data extraction from included articles. Seventeen of 1464 articles met the inclusion criteria. Most articles were retrospective, descriptive, or observational research. No intervention studies were identified. Sleep diagnoses and dimensions included insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, disordered sleep quality and duration, and narcolepsy. Sex/gender differences were documented in screening, diagnosis, risk factors, and conditions associated with disordered sleep, for example, pregnancy and postpartum status. Actionable leverage points involve military culture, training, education, treatment, and self-care behaviors related to sleep health. Although we identified leverage points where policy changes have the potential to improve sleep health in active duty servicewomen, there is an urgent need for intervention research to address the gaps in knowledge about sleep health in this population.