Rapid intraoperative perfusion assessment of parathyroid adenomas with ICG using a wide-field portable hand-held fluorescence imaging system

Fluorescence angiography (FA) using indocyanine green dye (ICG) has recently been introduced for real-time identification of parathyroid adenomas. However, time to peak fluorescence has not yet been critically evaluated. This was a retrospective review of parathyroidectomies with ICG FA over a one-year period. There were 66 patients with average age of 64 years. The average time to initial fluorescence was 26.7 s and to peak fluorescence was 38.0 s. The time to saline flush administration significantly correlated with times to initial and peak fluorescence (p