Physiological Mechanisms of Variable Nutrient Accumulation Patterns Between Diapausing and Non-Diapausing Fall Webworm (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) Pupae

Diapause is a highly advantageous strategy for winter survival for insects living in temperate environments. However, insects typically do not feed during diapause and are therefore presented with a complicated energetics problem. The fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea, overwinter as diapausing pupae, but adults of this species lose their ability to feed due to the degeneration of their mouthparts. Thus, the energy reserves stored before diapauses contribute to the survival rate and fitness of the adults after emergence. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that diapause-destined larvae of H. cunea reserve more energy by increasing feeding rate, feeding efficiency, or both, during the diapause preparation phase compared with non-diapause-destined larvae. We observed higher digestive efficiency, increased lipase and amylase activity, and lower protease activity in diapause-destined larvae compared to non-diapause-destined larvae. These differences in digestive physiology during diapause preparation lead to greater body size and mass, increased lipid and carbohydrate content, and lower soluble protein content in diapausing pupae, relative to non-diapause pupae – results consistent with our hypothesis. We conclude that diapause-destined fall webworm reserve more energy than non-diapause-destined individuals by increasing feeding efficiency, and that this increase in efficiency is at least partially driven by increased lipase and amylase activities in the midgut. This is in contrast to non-diapause-destined larvae, which likely reserve greater protein than diapause-destined larvae to help maintain their physiological function.