A Combined Study of Tc Redox Speciation in Complex Aqueous Systems: Wet-Chemistry, Tc K‑/L3‑Edge X‑ray Absorption Fine Structure, and Ab Initio Calculations

The combination of wet-chemistry experiments (measurements of pH, E h, and [Tc]) and advanced spectroscopic techniques (K- and L3-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy) confirms the formation of a very stable Tc­(V)–gluconate complex under anoxic conditions. In the presence of gluconate and an excess of Sn­(II) (at pe + pH ≈ 2), technetium forms a very stable Tc­(IV)–gluconate complex significantly enhancing the solubility defined by TcO2(s) in hyperalkaline gluconate-free systems. A new setup for “tender” X-ray spectroscopy (spectral range, ∼2–5 keV) in transmission or total fluorescence yield detection mode based on a He flow cell has been developed at the INE Beamline for radionuclide science (KIT light source). This setup allows handling of radioactive specimens with total activities up to one million times the exemption limit. For the first time, Tc L3-edge measurements (∼2.677 keV) of Tc species in liquid (aqueous) media are reported, clearly outperforming conventional K-edge spectroscopy as a tool to differentiate Tc oxidation states and coordination environments. The coupling of L3-edge X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy measurements and relativistic multireference ab initio methods opens new perspectives in the definition of chemical and thermodynamic models for systems of relevance in the context of nuclear waste disposal, environmental, and pharmaceutical applications.