The effectiveness of self‐management programmes for people with type 2 diabetes receiving insulin injection: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Background People with type 2 diabetes (T2D) receiving insulin injection are reported to encounter challenges to achieve optimal glycaemic control. The evidence on effectiveness of self‐management programmes for T2D people receiving insulin injection is far from conclusive. Aim To examine the effectiveness of self‐management programmes for people with T2D receiving insulin injection. Methods Twelve databases were searched from dates of inception to June 2021. All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials examining the effectiveness of self‐management programmes were included. The methodological quality was appraised using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools by two independent researchers. Data were summarised narratively or pooled statistically where appropriate. Results Nine RCTs involving 2613 participants were included. At post‐intervention, meta‐analysis results showed that self‐management programmes significantly improved glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (mean difference [MD]: −0.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.29 to −0.12, P