Endophytic Bacillus subtilis TR21 Improves Banana Plant Resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense and Promotes Root Growth by Upregulating the Jasmonate and Brassinosteroid Biosynthesis Pathways

The banana ( spp.) industry experiences dramatic annual losses from Fusarium wilt of banana disease, which is caused by the fungus f. sp. (FOC). Pisang Awak banana 'Fenza No. 1' ( spp. cultivar Fenza No. 1), a major banana cultivar with high resistance to f. sp. race 4, is considered to be ideal for growth in problematic areas. However, 'Fenza No. 1' is still affected by f. sp. race 1 in the field. TR21 is an endophytic strain isolated from orchids ( sp.). Axillary spraying of banana plants with TR21 controls Fusarium wilt of banana, decreasing the growth period and increasing yields in the field. In this study, we established that TR21 increases root growth in different monocotyledonous plant species. By axillary inoculation, TR21 induced a similar transcriptomic change as that induced by f. sp. race 1 but also upregulated the biosynthetic pathways for the phytohormones brassinosteroid and jasmonic acid in 'Fenza No. 1' root tissues, indicating that TR21 increases Fusarium wilt of banana resistance, shortens growth period, and increases yield of banana by inducing specific transcriptional reprogramming and modulating phytohormone levels. These findings will contribute to the identification of candidate genes related to plant resistance against fungi in a nonmodel system and facilitate further study and exploitation of endophytic biocontrol agents.