Diffusion tensor imaging of renal cortex in lupus nephritis

Purpose To evaluate the diagnostic value of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) of renal cortex in assessment of lupus nephritis (LN) and prediction of its pathological subtypes. Methods Prospective study was performed upon 39 female patients with pathologically proven LN and 16 sex- and age-matched healthy controls. Patients and controls underwent DTI of kidney. Mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy (FA) of renal cortex were calculated by two radiologists. LN patients were pathologically classified into either non-proliferative ( n = 15) or proliferative ( n = 24). Results Mean MD of renal cortex in LN was significantly lower ( p = 0.001) than that of controls with cut-off (2.16 and 2.2 X10 −3 mm 2 /s), area under curve (AUC) of (0.92, 0.94) and accuracy of (91%, 89%) for both observers. Mean FA of renal cortex in LN was significantly higher ( p = 0.001) than that of controls with cut-off (0.20, 0.21), AUC of (0.86, 0.82) and accuracy of (86%, 84%) for both observers. Renal cortex MD and FA in non-proliferative LN were significantly different ( p = 0.001) from that of proliferative LN for both observers. There was excellent inter-observer agreement of MD and FA (ICC = 0.96 and 0.81). Conclusion MD and FA of renal cortex may help to assess renal affection in LN patients and predict its pathological subtypes.