Evaluation of antiangiogenic and antiproliferative potential of ethanolic extracts of Andrographis echioides using in vitro and in ovo assays

Introduction: Andrographis echioides is a prevalently used medicinal herb in South Asian countries. Scientific researches with the extracts of A. echioides revealed its antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, ulceroprotective, and hepatoprotective properties. This study was done to elucidate antiproliferative and antiangiogenic potential of ethanolic extracts of A. echioides (EEAE) by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Materials and Methods: EEAE was prepared using Soxhlet apparatus with ethanol after being sun-dried and powdered. MCF 7 (human invasive breast ductal carcinoma) cell lines retaining attributes of differentiated mammary epithelium with both estrogen and progesterone receptors were treated with EEAE, and antiproliferative effect was seen using Mosmann method of MTT assay using 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) as a comparator. The evaluation of antiangiogenic potential of EEAE was done by comparing mean vessel density (MVD) in chick CAM after treatment with EEAE, thalidomide, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) using CAM assay, an in ovo assay. Results: EEAE displayed antiproliferative activity from low to high concentrations with MTT assay. The IC50 of EEAE and 5-FU was 62.5 and 15.6 μg/ml, respectively (P < 0.05). The exhibition of its antiangiogenic activity increased proportionately with increasing concentration. VEGF increased MVD by 45.94%; thalidomide decreased it by 53.76%. There was a decrease of MVD by 5.91%, 20.46%, and 35.95% at concentrations of 25, 50, and 100 μg of EEAE, respectively. Conclusion: EEAE possessed significant antiangiogenic and antiproliferative activity, making them a promising substrate in the development of a novel anticancer drug and can be successfully used in the therapy of various cancers after establishment of the anticancer effects in animal models and subsequently in clinical trials.