Exploratory Evaluation of the Relationship Between iNKT Cells and Systemic Cytokine Profiles of Critically Ill Patients with Neurological Injury

Background Neurological injury can alter the systemic immune system, modifying the functional capacity of immune cells and causing a dysfunctional balance of cytokines, although mechanisms remain incompletely understood. The objective of this study was to assess the temporal relationship between changes in the activation status of circulating invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and the balance of plasma cytokines among critically ill patients with neurological injury. Methods We conducted an exploratory prospective observational study of adult (18 years or older) intensive care unit (ICU) patients with acute neurological injury ( n = 20) compared with ICU patients without neurological injury ( n = 22) and healthy controls ( n = 10). Blood samples were collected on days 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, and 28 following ICU admission to analyze the activation status of circulating iNKT cells by flow cytometry and the plasma concentration of inflammation-relevant immune mediators, including T helper 1 (T H 1) and T helper 2 (T H 2) cytokines, by multiplex bead-based assay. Results Invariant natural killer T cells were activated in both ICU patient groups compared with healthy controls. Neurological patients had decreased levels of multiple immune mediators, including T H 1 cytokines (interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-12p70), indicative of immunosuppression. This led to a greater than twofold increase in the ratio of T H 2/T H 1 cytokines early after injury (days 1 − 2) compared with healthy controls, a shift that was also observed for ICU controls. Systemic T H 2/T H 1 cytokine ratios were positively associated with iNKT cell activation in the neurological patients and negatively associated in ICU controls. These relationships were strongest for the CD4 + iNKT cell subset compared with the CD4 − iNKT cell subset. The relationships to individual cytokines similarly differed between patient groups. Forty percent of the neurological patients developed an infection; however, differences for the infection subgroup were not identified. Conclusions Critically ill patients with neurological injury demonstrated altered systemic immune profiles early after injury, with an association between activated peripheral iNKT cells and elevated systemic T H 2/T H 1 cytokine ratios. This work provides further support for a brain–immune axis and the ability of neurological injury to have far-reaching effects on the body’s immune system.