Spinal interleukin‐1β induces mechanical spinal hyperexcitability in rats: Interactions and redundancies with TNF and IL‐6

Both spinal tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) contribute to the development of “mechanical” spinal hyperexcitability in inflammatory pain states. Recently, we found that spinal sensitization by TNF was significantly reduced by blockade of spinal IL‐6 signaling suggesting that IL‐6 signaling is involved in spinal TNF effects. Here, we explored whether spinal interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), also implicated in inflammatory pain, induces “mechanical” spinal hyperexcitability, and whether spinal IL‐1β effects are related to TNF and IL‐6 effects. We recorded the responses of spinal cord neurons to mechanical stimulation of the knee joint in vivo and used cellular approaches on microglial and astroglial cell lines to identify interactions of IL‐1β, TNF, and IL‐6. Spinal application of IL‐1β in anesthetized rats modestly enhanced responses of spinal cord neurons to innocuous and noxious mechanical joint stimulation. This effect was blocked by minocycline indicating microglia involvement, and significantly attenuated by interfering with IL‐6 signaling. In the BV2 microglial cell line, IL‐1β, like TNF, enhanced the release of soluble IL‐6 receptor, necessary for spinal IL‐6 actions. Different to TNF, IL‐1β caused SNB‐19 astrocytes to release interleukin‐11. The generation of “mechanical” spinal hyperexcitability by IL‐1β was more pronounced upon spinal TNF neutralization with etanercept, suggesting that concomitant TNF limits IL‐1β effects. In BV2 cells, TNF stimulated the release of IL‐1Ra, an endogenous IL‐1β antagonist. Thus, spinal IL‐1β has the potential to induce spinal hyperexcitability sharing with TNF dependency on IL‐6 signaling, but TNF also limited IL‐1β effects explaining the modest effect of IL‐1β. IL‐1β is found throughout the central nervous system and we asked about its impact on spinal nociceptive processing. Spinal IL‐1β induces mechanical spinal hyperexcitability. This action is produced by a spinal network involving microglia and astroglia and other cytokines such as TNF and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6). Together with TNF, IL‐1β causes release of the soluble interleukin‐6 receptor (sIL‐6R) from microglial cells. The neuronal spinal IL‐1β effects are mediated, in part, by IL‐6/sIL‐6R complexes (IL‐6 transsignaling). Furthermore, IL‐1β releases interleukin‐11 from astroglial cells. However, TNF also limits the IL‐1β effect through the release of the antagonist IL‐1Ra. Anti‐IL‐6R – anti‐interleukin‐6 receptor, gp130 – glycoprotein 130, IL‐1β – i