Unsupervised home-based resistance training for community-dwelling older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

•Unsupervised home-based resistance training seems safe in older adults.•Low-to-moderate adherence rates are found with these exercise programs.•These interventions appear effective for improving different fitness measures.•This training emerges as a practical and economic option for older adults. We aimed to summarize evidence on the safety, adherence and effectiveness of home-based resistance training (UHBRT) for improving health-related endpoints in community-dwelling older adults. Randomized controlled trials of UHBRT in older adults (≥60yrs) were included after a systematic search (PubMed, CINAHL, PsycInfo, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) until 02/19/2021. Adverse events and adherence rates were assessed as indicators of feasibility. Other endpoints included physical (muscle strength, muscle power, balance, physical performance) and mental-related measures (cognition, quality of life [QoL]) as well as other health-related variables (body composition, physical activity levels, falls). 21 studies (N = 4,053) were included. No major adverse events were reported, with adherence averaging 67 % (range 47–97 %). UHBRT significantly improved lower-limb muscle strength (Hedges' g = 0.33; 95 % confidence interval [CI] = 0.11−0.57), muscle power measured through the sit-to-stand test (g = 0.44; 95 %CI = 0.06−0.84), and balance (assessed with the postural sway, g = 0.32; 95 %CI = 0.16−0.49). No benefits were found for other strength indices (handgrip strength), balance (single leg stance and functional reach test), physical performance (walking speed, TUG and SPPB), QoL, nor for the risk or rate of falls (all p > 0.05, g