Effects of Bacillus sp. MR‐1/2 and magnetite nanoparticles on yield improvement of rice by urea fertilizer under different watering regimes

Aims The present research aimed to examine the use of magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) in combination with phyto‐beneficial rhizobacterium (PhBR) for improvement of applied N recovery (ANR) from urea fertilizer in rice grown under deficient and optimum watering conditions. Methods and Results The Bacillus sp. MR‐1/2 was positive for acetylene reduction, phosphate solubilization and ACC deaminase activity at temperature ranges 35–45°C. In a pot experiment, urea, MNPs and Bacillus sp. MR‐1/2 were applied either alone or in combination to rice plants grown in pots under water deficit and optimal watering conditions. Combined application of urea, MNPs and Bacillus sp. MR‐1/2 increased the plant N content and ANR by 27 and 65%, respectively, over their respective control values in rice grown under optimum watering conditions, whereas these increases were 27 and 41%, respectively, in rice grown under water deficit conditions. This treatment also increased the kernel weight and plant dry matter by 36 and 60%, respectively, over control (urea alone) values in rice grown under water deficit conditions, whereas these increases were 31 and 21·8%, respectively, in rice grown under optimum watering conditions. Values of malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase and ethylene concentration were higher in control treatment under both the watering regimes. The application of Bacillus sp. MR‐1/2 either alone or in combination with MNPs and urea reduced MDA contents, APX, catalase and ethylene production in the rice plants. Conclusion The combined application of MNPs+Bacillus sp. MR‐1/2 reduced the N losses from applied urea, increased N uptake and ANR in rice, decreased MDA contents, APX and catalase activity and ethylene level in rice grown under deficit and optimum water conditions. Significance and Impact of the Study The application of MNPs together with Bacillus sp. MR‐1/2 may help to increase ANR and rice productivity under water deficit conditions with low cost of production.