Strategies and settings of clinical pharmacogenetic implementation: a scoping review of pharmacogenetics programs

Pharmacogenetic (PGx) literature has shown beneficial outcomes in safety, efficacy and cost when evidence-based gene-drug decision making is incorporated into clinical practice. PGx programs with successfully implemented clinical services have been published in a variety of settings including academic health centers and community practice. The primary objective was to systematically scope the literature to characterize the current trends, extent, range and nature of clinical PGx programs. Forty articles representing 19 clinical PGx programs were included in analysis. Most programs are in urban, academic institutions. Education, governance and workflow were commonly described while billing/reimbursement and consent were not. This review provides an overview of current PGx models that can be used as a reference for institutions beginning the implementation process.