FxRIamide regulates the oscillatory activity in the olfactory center of the terrestrial slug Limax

•Two transcripts encoding the myomodulatory peptide, FxRIamide, are identified.•They are expressed in the secondary olfactory center (procerebrum) of the terrestrial slug Limax.•FxRIamide-positive nerves project to the cell body and neuropile layers of the procerebrum.•FxRIamide reduces the frequency of the local field potential oscillation in the procerebrum.•FxRIamide down-regulates the resting membrane potential of the B neurons in the procerebrum. The terrestrial slug Limax acquires odor-aversion memory. The procerebrum is the secondary olfactory center in the brain of Limax, and functions as the locus of the memory formation and storage. The change in the local field potential oscillation in the procerebrum reflects the information processing of the learned odor. However, it is not fully understood what factors, intrinsic or extrinsic in the procerebrum, alter the oscillatory activity and how it is regulated. In the present study, we found that FxRIamide (Phe-x-Arg-Ile-NH2), which was previously identified as a myomodulatory peptide in the gastropod Fusinus ferrugineus, downregulates the oscillatory frequency of the local field potential oscillation in the procerebrum of Limax. FxRIamide peptides were encoded by two distinct transcripts, which exhibit partially overlapping expression patterns in the brain. Immunohistochemical staining revealed a scattered distribution of FxRIamide-expressing neurons in the cell mass layer of the procerebrum, in addition to the ramified innervation of FxRIamidergic neurons in the neuropile layers. Down-regulation of the oscillatory frequency of the local field potential was explained by the inhibitory effects of FxRIamide on the bursting neurons, which are the kernels of the local field potential oscillation in the procerebrum. Our study revealed the previously unidentified role of FxRIamide peptides in the network of interneurons of Limax, and these peptides may play a role in the mnemonic functions of the procerebrum.