Molecular mechanisms underlying fructose‐induced cardiovascular disease: exercise, metabolic pathways and microRNAs

New Findings What is the central question of this study? What are the mechanisms underlying the cardiac protective effect of aerobic training in the progression of a high fructose‐induced cardiometabolic disease in Wistar rats? What is the main finding and its importance? At the onset of cardiovascular disease, aerobic training activates the p‐p70S6K, ERK and IRβ–PI3K–AKT pathways, without changing the miR‐126 and miR‐195 levels, thereby providing evidence that aerobic training modulates the insulin signalling pathway. These data contribute to the understanding of the molecular cardiac changes that are associated with physiological left ventricular hypertrophy during the development of a cardiovascular disease. During the onset of cardiovascular disease (CVD), disturbances in myocardial vascularization, cell proliferation and protein expression are observed. Aerobic training prevents CVD, but the underlying mechanisms behind left ventricle (LV) hypertrophy are not fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms by which aerobic training protects the heart from LV hypertrophy during the onset of fructose‐induced cardiometabolic disease. Male Wistar rats were allocated to four groups (n = 8/group): control sedentary (C), control training (CT), fructose sedentary (F) and fructose training (FT). The C and CT groups received drinking water, and the F and FT groups received d‐fructose (10% in water). After 2 weeks, the CT and FT rats were assigned to a treadmill training protocol at moderate intensity for 8 weeks (60 min/day, 4 days/week). After 10 weeks, LV morphological remodelling, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, microRNAs and the insulin signalling pathway were investigated. The F group had systemic cardiometabolic alterations, which were normalised by aerobic training. The LV weight increased in the FT group, myocardium vascularisation decreased in the F group, and the cardiomyocyte area increased in the CT, F and FT groups. Regarding protein expression, total insulin receptor β‐subunit (IRβ) decreased in the F group; phospho (p)‐IRβ and phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K) increased in the FT group; total‐AKT and p‐AKT increased in all of the groups; p‐p70S6 kinase (p70S6K) protein was higher in the CT group; and p‐extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) increased in the CT and FT groups. MiR‐126, miR‐195 and cardiomyocyte apoptosis did not differ among the groups. Aerobic training activates p‐p70S6K and p‐ERK, and during the onset of a