The role of Tim‐3/Galectin‐9 pathway in T‐cell function and prognosis of patients with human papilloma virus‐associated cervical carcinoma

The interaction between Tim‐3 on T cell and its ligand, Galectin‐9, negatively regulates cellular immune responses. However, the role of Tim‐3/Galectin‐9 pathway in the immune evasion of cervical cancer remains unknown. This study is to investigate the expression, function, and regulation of Tim‐3/Galectin‐9 signaling pathway in human papilloma virus (HPV) positive cervical cancer. Flow cytometry showed that Tim‐3 expression on T cell and Galectin‐9 expression on monocytes in HPV positive cervical cancer patients were significantly higher compared to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and benign uterine fibroids Tim‐3 + CD4+ Th1 cells and Tim‐3 + CD8+ T cells in HPV positive cervical cancer patients were significantly reduced after surgery. Serum TGF‐β and IL‐10 levels were positively correlated with Tim‐3 + Treg cells, while IFN‐γ and IL‐2 were negatively correlated with Tim‐3 + Th1 cells. Additionally, Tim‐3 + CD4+ T cells were positively correlated with Galectin‐9 + monocytes. Survival curve analysis showed that Tim‐3 + CD4+ T cells were negatively correlated with patient survival, and closely related to FIGO stage, degree of differentiation, and lymph node metastasis of HPV positive cervical cancer. In vitro experiments showed that by blocking the Tim‐3/Galectin‐9 pathway, the proliferation of T cells and their ability to express IFN‐γ, IL‐2, perforin, and granzyme B was significantly restored. In conclusion, high levels of Tim‐3 and Galectin‐9 in HPV positive cervical cancer patients play roles in the progression of disease by promoting Treg cells to inhibit the cytotoxic function of Th1 and CD8+ T cells. Tim‐3/Galectin‐9 may serve as a new immunotherapy target for patients with HPV positive cervical cancer.