Effect of design and operational parameters on nutrients and heavy metal removal in pilot floating treatment wetlands with Eichhornia Crassipes treating polluted lake water

Though having an economic and ecological impact on Marriott Lake management in Egypt, water hyacinth ( Eichhornia crassipes ) is an aquatic floating macrophyte with a known phytoremediation potential. In order to assess its remediation potential, pilot floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) with E. crassipes were built in duplicates to evaluate the removal of nutrients and heavy metals from the polluted lake water. The experimental design included units with different water depths (15, 25, and 35 cm; D 15 , D 25, and D 35 , respectively) and plant coverage (90, 70, 50, and 0%; P 90 , P 70 , P 50, and P 0 , respectively). The pilot FTWs were monitored over a 7-day operation cycle to identify the optimum combination of design (plant coverage, water depth) and operation (hydraulic retention time; HRT) parameters needed for maximum BOD 5 , TN, NH 4 -N, and TP removal. NH 4 -N removal reached 97.4% in the D 25 P 50 unit after 3 days, BOD 5 75% in the D 15 P 90 after 3 days, TN 82% in the D 25 P 70 after 4 days, and TP 84.2% in the D 35 P 70 after 4 days. The open-water evaporation rate was higher than the evapotranspiration rate in the planted units, probably due to the warm climate of the study area. Metals were also sufficiently removed through bioaccumulation in plant tissues in the order of Fe > Pb > Cu > Ni (62.5%, 88.9%, 81.7%, and 80.4% for D 25 P 50 , D 25 P 70 , D 25 P 50 , and D 25 P 90 , respectively), while most of the assimilated metal mass was translocated to the plant roots. The biochemical composition of the plant tissue was significantly different between the shoot and root parts. Overall, the FTW with 70% E. crassipes coverage, 25-cm water depth, and an HRT of 3–5 days was identified as the optimum design for effective remediation of the polluted Marriott Lake in Egypt.