[18F]FDG PET/MRI versus contrast-enhanced MRI in detecting regional HNSCC metastases

Objective To compare the accuracy of contrast-enhanced MRI using established dimensional and morphological criteria versus integrated [ 18 F]FDG PET/MRI in identifying regional lymph node metastases in patients with newly diagnosed head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). For this purpose, we compare MRI and PET/MRI using the histopathological findings in dissected lymph nodes as the gold standard. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 26 patients with histologically proven HNSCC who underwent gadolinium-enhanced [ 18 F]FDG PET/MRI as part of their staging. All neck lymph nodes were classified on MRI using dimensional and/or morphological criteria. Then, they were jointly assessed by a nuclear medicine physician and a radiologist using integrated [ 18 F]PET/MR images. ROC curves were obtained to compare the techniques. Lymph node histopathology was considered as the reference standard. Results Out of 865 lymph nodes, 35 were malignant at histopathology (3 with micro-metastases). Sensitivity and specificity were 48.6% and 99.5% for MRI using dimensional criteria; 60.0% and 99.6% for MRI using morphological criteria; 60.0% and 99.4% for MRI using both; and 74.3% and 97.6% for PET using MR as anatomic localization. The area under the ROC curve was higher for PET and MRI localization (0.859) than for MRI using dimensional (0.740; p