Mortality Dynamics and Life Tables of Megachile rotundata (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), a Pollinator Managed for Alfalfa Seed Production

The alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata (F.), contributes to the pollination of more than two-thirds of alfalfa used in seed production in North America. However, losses in managed populations of more than 50% are common in the United States.Thus, understanding the causes of mortality of M. rotundata is critical to find ways to maintain and increase bee populations. Over 2 yr, we identified and quantified six mortality classes of M. rotundata, as well as estimated mortality risk using the demographic life-table model, M-DEC. Research was conducted on an alfalfa field in Toston, Montana and offspring mortality was assessed in the fall of each year. Nest shelters were manipulated for a main temperature treatment (low vs high), and nest boxes inside the shelters were manipulated for a parasitism sub-treatment (parasitism-resistant vs parasitism-enabled). Total mortality was approximately 15% for both years, but the proportion for each mortality class differed substantially. Mortality increased with increasing internal nest-tunnel temperature, and nest boxes with parasitism-enabled entry had nearly double the mortality than those with parasitism-resistant entry. Based on demographic multiple decrement life table analyses, mortality from each class was highly irreplaceable. Identifying and quantifying irreplaceable mortality classes and strategies to mitigate those causes may help producers decrease total population loss of M. rotundata before the adult stage.