Streptococcus mutans bystander-induced bioeffects following sonodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy through sonocatalytic performance of Curcumin-Poly (Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid) on off-target cells

To assessed the Streptococcus mutans bystander-induced bioeffects following sonodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (SACT) by Curcumin-Poly (Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid) nanoparticles (Cur-PLGA-NPs). Cur-PLGA-NPs were synthesized and characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), and Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform IR (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, as well as, determination of in vitro drug release. Following the successful synthesis and characterization of Cur-PLGA-NPs, the cell survival, intracellular ROS production, apoptotic effects, DNA fragmentation, and gene expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were investigated on human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cells as off-target cells through S. mutans bystander-induced bioeffects following SACT (BCSS). No significant cytotoxic and damage caused by the release of ROS from BCSS were observed in HGF cells (P > 0.05). There was no DNA fragmentation and anti-proliferation effects on HGF cells. The expression levels of bFGF, TNF-α, and IL-8 genes were increased after exposure to BCSS to 15.4-, 13.5-, and 8.7-fold, respectively (P < 0.05), while TGF-ß and IL-10 were downregulated to -4.1- and -6.8-fold, respectively (P < 0.05). It could be concluded that there were no bystander bioeffects of targeted sonocatalytic stress on off-target cells.