Emergence of nanomaterials as potential immobilization supports for whole cell biocatalysts and cell toxicity effects

The traditional approach of fermentation by a free cell system has limitations of low productivity and product separation that need to be addressed for production enhancement and cost effectiveness. One of potential methods to solve the problems is cell immobilization. Microbial cell immobilization allows more efficient up‐scaling by reducing the nonproductive growth phase, improving product yield and simplifying product separation. Furthermore, the emergence of nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, and metal‐based nanomaterials with excellent functional properties provides novel supports for cell immobilization. Nanomaterials have catalytic properties that can provide specific binding site with targeted cells. However, the toxicity of nanomaterials towards cells has hampered its application as it affects the biological system of the cells, which cannot be neglected in any way. This gray area in immobilization is an important concern that needs to be addressed and understood by researchers. This review paper discusses an overview of nanomaterials used for cell immobilization with special focus on its toxicological challenges and how by understanding physicochemical properties of nanomaterials could influence the toxicity and biocompatibility of the cells. Carbon‐based and metal‐based nanomaterials provide a novel support for cell immobilization. Optimization studies are essential to identify factors that affect the biocompatibility of nanomaterials toward the cell. This would lead to more research possibilities in bio‐nanotechnology applications.